Gramatica polonesa

Polish Grammar in a Nutshell

© Oscar E. Swan University of Pittsburgh 2003

Information on Polish sounds and grammar which should be mastered by the intermediate-level student of the language.

POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL

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POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL

CONTENTS The Polish Alphabet and Sounds 5 Notes on Spelling and Pronunciation 6 Sound Changes 8 Nouns 9 Noun Gender 9 Cases and Case Use 11 Noun Phrases 13 Regular Noun Endings 15 Distribution of Endings 16 Noun Endings Depending on the Hard-Soft Distinction 17 Noun Declensions 19 Days of the Week 23 Compass Directions 23 Months 24 Pronouns 24 Personal Pronouns 24 Possessive Pronouns 26 Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 27 Intensive Pronoun 28 Reflexive Pronoun 28 Distributive Pronoun 29 Adjectives 30 Adjective Declension 30 Adjective-Noun Order 30 Comparison of Adjectives 31 Adjective Opposites 31 Adverbs 33 Comparison of Adverbs 33 Non-Adjectival Adverbs 35 Numerals 37 Cardinal Numerals 37 Compound Numbers 38 Declension of Cardinal Numerals 38

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POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL

Collective Numerals 41 Reified Numerals 42 Indefinite Numerals 42 Counting People 42 Ordinal Numerals 43 Time of Day 43 Dates, Years, Expressing ‘How Old’ 44 Prepositions 45 Prepositions Arranged According to Case 46 Prepositions Expressing 'at', 'to', 'from' 47 Expressions of Time 47 Polish Translations of 'For' 48 Conjunctions 50 Verbs 51 Finite Verb Categories 53 Present Tense 53 Summary of Verb Classes 56 Imperative 57 Past Tense 58 Future Tense 60 Perfective and Imperfective Aspect 60 Verbs of Motion 62 Conditional Mood 63 Participles and Gerunds 64 Passive Voice 66 Impersonal Verbs 67 Reflexive Verbs 68 Important Sentence Constructions 71 Constructions with the Infinitive 71 Modal Expressions 71 ‘Introducing’ Sentences 71 Expressing 'There Is' 72 Predicate Nouns and Adjectives 72 Yes-No Questions 72 Negation 72 Word Order 73 Sentence Intonation 73

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POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL THE POLISH