Estatística para anova

Statistics at Square One

2003.4.6 huangzhiman For www.dnathink.org

To my father

Statistics at Square One
Tenth edition

T D V Swinscow and M J Campbell
Professor of Medical Statistics, Institute of General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield

© BMJ Books 2002 BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. First edition 1976 Second edition 1977 Third edition 1978 Fourth edition 1978 Fifth edition 1979 Sixth edition 1980 Seventh edition 1980 Eighth edition 1983 Ninth edition 1996 Second impression 1997 Third impression 1998 Fourth impression 1999 Tenth edition 2002 by BMJ Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9JR www.bmjbooks.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7279 1552 5 Typeset by SIVA Math Setters, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Spain by GraphyCems, Navarra

Contents

Preface 1 Data display and summary 2 Summary statistics for quantitative and binary data 3 Populations and samples 4 Statements of probability and confidence intervals 5 Differences between means: type I and type II errors and power 6 Confidence intervals for summary statistics of binary data 7 The t tests 8 The χ tests
2

vii 1 12 29 39 44 52 62 78 95 102 111 126 135 145 147 153

9 Exact probability test 10 Rank score tests 11 Correlation and regression 12 Survival analysis 13 Study design and choosing a statistical test Answers to exercises Appendix Index

v

Preface

There are three main upgrades to this 10th edition. The first is to acknowledge that almost everyone now has access to a personal