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Biological effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the pharmaceutical Triclosan in the marine mussel Perna Perna (Linnaeus, 1758)

Efeitos biológicos das concentrações ambientalmente relevantes do Triclosan farmacêutico do mexilhão marinho Perna Perna (Linnaeus, 1758)

Fernando Sanzi Cortez a,b,*,
Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira b,c,
Aldo Ramos Santos b, Augusto Cesar b,c,
Rodrigo Brasil Choueri b,c,
Gisela de Assis Martini b,
Maria Beatriz Bohrer-Morel a

a Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil b Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, 11045-907 Santos, SP, Brazil c Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11030-400 Santos, SP, Brazil

A B S T R A C T
Triclosan (5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) is an antibacterial compound widely employed in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Although this emerging compound has been detected in aquatic environments, scarce information is found on the effects of Triclosan to marine organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of a concentration range of Triclosan through fertilization assay (reproductive success), embryo-larval development assay (early life stage) and physiological stress (Neutral Red Retention Time assay - NRRT) (adult stage) in the marine sentinel organism Perna perna. The mean inhibition concentrations for fertilization (IC50 ¼ 0.490 mg L_1) and embryo-larval development (IC50 ¼ 0.135 mg L_1) tests were above environmental relevant concentrations (ng L_1) given by previous studies. Differently, significant reduction on NRRT results was found at 12 ng L_1, demonstrating the current risk of the continuous introduction of Triclosan into aquatic environments, and the need of ecotoxicological studies oriented by the mechanism of action of the compound.

RESUMO
Triclosan (5-cloro-2-(2,4-diclorofenoxi)-fenol) é um composto antibacteriano amplamente