Historia

Invited Review
J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2009;2:91–102 DOI: 10.1159/000228251
Published online: July 10, 2009

Nutrigenetics in the Light of Human Evolution1
Fabio Verginelli a Federica Aru a Pasquale Battista b Renato Mariani-Costantini a
Departments of a Oncology and Neuroscience, Section of Molecular Pathology, and b Human Movement Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University, and Center of Excellence on Aging (Ce.S.I.), G. d’Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy

Key Words Culture Diet Disease Encephalization Genetics Human evolution Metabolism

Abstract Bio-cultural adaptations to new foods played a key role in human evolution. The fossil record and sequence differences between human and chimpanzee genes point to a major dietary shift at the stem of human evolution. The earliest representatives of the human lineage diverged from the ancestors of chimpanzees because of their better adaptation to hard and abrasive foods. Bipedalism and modifications of the hand, which allowed tool manufacture and use, impacted on dietary flexibility, facilitating access to foods of animal origin. This promoted major anatomic, physiologic and metabolic adaptations. Encephalization, which requires highquality diet, characterizes the evolutionary sequence that, through the Homo ergaster/erectus stages, led to our species, Homo sapiens, which originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, climatic changes and human impact determined a major food crisis, which triggered the agricultural revolution. This affected nutrition and health, with rapid evolutionary adaptations through the se-

lection of genetic variants that allowed better utilization of new foods, different in relation to geography and culture. Today population growth, globalization and economic pressure powerfully affect diets worldwide. We must take into account our evolutionary past to meet the present nutritional challenges. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel

Diet and Human