Energia
A serendipidade foi igualmente determinante na construção da primeira célula fotovoltaica. Nas palavras de Willoughby Smith numa carta a Latimer Clark datada de 4 de Fevereiro de 1873, a sua descoberta do efeito fotovoltaico no selénio foi um acidente inesperado:
«Being desirous of obtaining a more suitable high resistance for use at the Shore Station in connection with my system of testing and signalling during the submersion of long submarine cables, I was induced to experiment with bars of selenium - a known metal of very high resistance. I obtained several bars, varying in length from 5 cm to 10 cm, and of a diameter from 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm. Each bar was hermetically sealed in a glass tube, and a platinum wire projected from each end for the purpose of connection. (...) While investigating the cause of such great differences in the resistance of the bars, it was found that the resistance altered materially according to the intensity of light to which they were subjected.»
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