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Evolution of Parallel Cellular Machines
The Cellular Programming Approach Moshe Sipper

c Moshe Sipper 2004
(originally published by Springer, 1997)

To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour. William Blake, Auguries of Innocence

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Preface
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species

Natural evolution has “created” a multitude of systems in which the actions of simple, locally-interacting components give rise to coordinated global information processing. Insect colonies, cellular assemblies, the retina, and the immune system, have all been cited as examples of systems in which emergent computation occurs. This term refers to the appearance of global information-processing capabilities that are not explicitly represented in the system’s elementary components or in their interconnections. The parallel cellular machines “designed” by nature exhibit striking problemsolving capacities, while functioning within a dynamic environment. The central question posed in this volume is whether we can mimic nature’s achievement, creating artificial machines that exhibit characteristics such as those manifest by their natural counterparts. Clearly, this ambitious goal is yet far off, however, our intent is to take a small step toward it. The first issue that must be addressed concerns the basic design of our system, namely, we must choose a viable machine model. We shall present a number of systems in this work, which are essentially generalizations of the well-known cellular automata (CA) model. CAs are dynamical systems in which space and time are discrete. A cellular