A ética protestante e o espírito do capitalismo

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
Fonte: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/WEBER/cover.html (American
Studies at The University of Virginia)

About the electronic version:
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Weber, Max
Scanned, tagged, copy-edited and published by the University of Virginia American
Studies Program 2001.
This version available from American Studies at the University of Virginia.
Charlottesville, Va.
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About the print version:
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
Trans. Talcott Parsons, Anthony Giddens.
London ; Boston : Unwin Hyman, 1930.

CHAPTER 1
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
A glance at the occupational statistics of any country of mixed religious composition brings to light with remarkable frequency a situation which has several times provoked discussion in the Catholic press and literature, and in Catholic congresses in
Germany, nam ely, the fact that business leaders and owners of capital, as well as the higher grades of skilled labor, and even more the higher technically and commercially trained personnel of modern enterprises, are overwhelmingly Protestant. This is true not only in cases where the difference in religion coincides with one of nationality, and thus of cultural development, as in Eastern Germany between Germans and Poles. The same thing is shown in the figures of religious affiliation almost wherever capitalism, at t he time of its great expansion, has had a free hand to alter the social distribution of the population in accordance with its needs, and to determine its occupational structure. The more freedom it has had, the more clearly is the effect shown. It is true that the greater relative participation of Protestants in the ownership of capital, in management, and the upper ranks of labor