A formação da linguagem

Language is common to all humans; we seem to be “hard-wired” for it. Many social scientists and philosophers say it’s this ability to use language symbolically that makes us “human.” Though it may be a universal human attribute, language is hardly simple. For decades, linguists’ main task was to track and record languages. But, like so many areas of science, the field of linguistics has evolved dramatically over the past 50 years or so. Languages come in many shapes and sounds. Language is simultaneously a physical process and a way of sharing meaning among people. Today’s science of linguistics explores: • the sounds of speech and how different sounds function in a language • the psychological processes involved in the use of language • how children acquire language capabilities • social and cultural factors in language use, variation and change • the acoustics of speech and the physiological and psychological aspects involved in producing and understanding it • the biological basis of language in the brain This special report touches on nearly all of these areas by answering questions such as: How does language develop and change? Can the language apparatus be "seen" in the brain? Does it matter if a language disappears? What exactly is a dialect? How can sign language help us to understand languages in general? Answers to these and other questions have implications for neuroscience, psychology, sociology, biology and more.

Speech is physical and mental In the speaker (right), the brain controls all mental and physical aspects of speaking. Sounds begin as breath expelled from the lungs. On its journey to the mouth, the air vibrates as it is forced through the vocal cords. The mouth, nose and tongue modify this vibrating air to form sound waves. Facial expressions and gestures also play a role in communication. In the listener (left), sound waves enter the ear and are then analyzed into words by the brain.