Estética

ESTÉTICA GERAL
Desidério Murcho Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto

TRÊS IDÉIAS COMUNS
1. A arte representa a realidade • Teoria da imitação ou mimese (Platão, Aristóteles) • Nelson Goodman rejeita a idéia de imitação 2. Tudo o que conta na arte é a forma • Teoria formalista (Clive Bell, Eduard Hanslick)

3. A arte exprime emoções
• Teoria expressivista (R. G. Collingwood, Leão Tolstói)

R. G. Collingwood (1889-1943)
Filósofo e arqueólogo britânico Algumas obras • 1933. An Essay on Philosophical Method

• 1938. The Principles of Art
• 1940. An Essay on Metaphysics • 1945. The Idea of Nature • 1946. The Idea of History

O QUE NÃO É ARTE
• Artesanato • Representação • Magia • Diversão

R. G. Collingwood

§1. O NOVO PROBLEMA

CRÍTICA DA TRADIÇÃO GREGA
• Collingwood opõe-se ao que chama “teoria técnica da arte” (ποιητική τέχνη) “The first sense of the word “art” to be distinguished from art proper is the obsolete sense in which it means what in this book I shall call craft. This is what ars means in ancient Latin, and what τέχνη means in Greek: the power to produce a preconceived result by means of consciously controlled and directed action.” (Collingwood 1938: 15)

O MÉTODO DE COLLINGWOOD
“We shall be trying as best we can to remind ourselves of facts well known to us: … we actually do use the word art [sic] … to designate certain kinds of thing, and in the sense which we have now isolated as the proper sense of the word. Our business is to concentrate our attention on these usages until we can see them as consistent and systematic.” (Collingwood 1938: 105)

PROGRESSO SEM RESULTADOS
“To a person who knows his business as scientist, historian, philosopher, or any kind of inquirer, the refutation of a false theory constitutes a positive advance in his inquiry. It leaves him confronted, not by the same old question over again, but by a new question, more precise in its terms and therefore easier to answer. This new question is based on